???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????. ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???. ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????????: ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???: ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ...

?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????. ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? (?? ???????) ?? ????? (????) ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? "????". ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ...

???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????????. ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? (???? ?????) ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ...

??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? CNC ???????? ??????? ????? 1. ??????? 1- ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? - ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? - ????? ????? ????????? - ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? - ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? 2. ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? 2. ???? ????? ????? 1. ?? ?????? 1930? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? 1948? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? 1952 ?? ??? 1952? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? (???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????) ?? ??? 1958? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? 1968? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? 1974? ??????? ????????? ??????? (CNC) 1...

????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? IT14 ~ IT11? ????? ????? ????? Ra ?? 50 ~ 12.5 ????????. ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??: ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????. 1? ??? ????? 1) ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? (????? 1)? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? 12 ??. ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ????? 1 - ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? 1 - ??????? 2 - ???? ??????? 3 - ?????? 4 - ???? ?????? 5 - ?????? 6 - ???? ?????? 7 - ?????? 8 (2) ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? (????? 2)? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ?? ?????? ????????? 25 ??? 35 ??? 40 ??? 50 ??? ???...

??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????/??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???: ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????. ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????...

?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? TIG ? MIG ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????? ????? ??????????: ????? ??????: ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? 2.7 ??/??3? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ?????: ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????????. ????? ??????? ???: ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????...

????? ???? ????????? 1. ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????. 2- ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?? ????

??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? A380 ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? A380 ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????. ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????: ???? ????? ????? ?????????? A380 ???? ????? ?????? (?????? %) ??????? ?????????? (Al) 85.0-89.5 ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? (Si) 7.5-9.5 ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (Cu) 3.0-4.0 ???? ?????? ??????...

???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? A356 ?? ???? ASTM ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? (ASTM)? ????? ????? ????? ZL101A ???????? ?AC4CH ?????????? ?AlSi7Mg ?????????? ?A-S7G03 ????????? ?A-S7G03 ???????? ?Aл9-1 ???????. ???????? ??? ????? A356? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? AlSi9Mg ?AlSi10Mg ?AlSi11Mg. ??????? ????? ????? A-S11G? A-S12.5 . ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? Si ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????. ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? A356. ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? (?????? %? %) ??????? (???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????????? ??????) Si 6.5 - 7.5 ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? Mg 0.25 - 0.45 ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? Fe ≤ 0.20 ??????? ...

?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? (??? ??????????) ??? ?????????? ??????? (?? ?????????? ???????) ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? 20 ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???? ???? ??????? (????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????) ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? 15000 ?? ?? ????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? 400-500 ℃ ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? "??? ????? ???????" ...

ADC12 (????? JIS ???????? ?????????? 12) ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????-??????-??-??-???? ????? ?????? JIS H 5302-2000. ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? ???????? (Si 9.6-12.0%? ?????? 1.5-3.5%) ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ADC12 ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? JIS ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ADC...

???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ADC12 ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ? ADC12 ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????

??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????. ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? 20 ???. ??? 10 ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? 10 ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? 6 ??? 8 ?? ??????. ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? GB 8978--1996? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? 0.5 ????/???. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???...

????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? 20 ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????. ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? "????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????"? ???? ?????? ??????: "?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????". ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????. ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ...

???? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????. ??????? ???????? ??: ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? 80-100 ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????. ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? 1. ???????? ??????? ?????: ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????: ① ????? ??????: ???...

?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????. ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? 1 ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? 2 ?? ????? ?????????? 1 ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??????...

??????: ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? (20 ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????) 1. ?????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? "?????? ??? ?????" ??? "?????? ????? ??????". ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????...

????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????. ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? 4.0? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???????...

?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????: ????...

???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????. ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????. ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????: ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? H13 ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? H13? ????? ??????? ??????? ± 0.15 ?? ???????? ?????? Ra ≤ 0.8μm ? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? 60 ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ...

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